一、pg_class:

该系统表记录了数据表、索引(仍然需要参阅pg_index)、序列、视图、复合类型和一些特殊关系类型的元数据。注意：不是所有字段对所有对象类型都有意义。

二、pg_attribute:

该系统表存储所有表(包括系统表，如pg_class)的字段信息。数据库中的每个表的每个字段在pg_attribute表中都有一行记录。

三、pg_attrdef:

该系统表主要存储字段默认值，字段中的主要信息存放在pg_attribute系统表中。注意：只有明确声明了缺省值的字段在该表中才会有记录。

四、pg_constraint:

该系统表存储PostgreSQL中表对象的检查约束、主键、唯一约束和外键约束。

五、pg_tablespace:

该系统表存储表空间的信息。注意：表可以放在特定的表空间里，以帮助管理磁盘布局和解决IO瓶颈。

六、pg_namespace:

该系统表存储名字空间(模式)。

七、pg_database:

该系统表存储数据库的信息。和大多数系统表不同的是，在一个集群里该表是所有数据库共享的，即每个集群只有一份pg_database拷贝，而不是每个数据库一份。

八、pg_index:

该系统表存储关于索引的一部分信息。其它的信息大多数存储在pg_class。

空闲中尝试在linux 8的版本上,源码安装PostgreSQL 16，参考文章:PostgreSQL16.2源码部署教程

[root@xifenfei tmp]# cat /etc/redhat-release 
Red Hat Enterprise Linux release 8.7 (Ootpa)
[root@xifenfei tmp]#  uname -osr
Linux 5.15.0-3.60.5.1.el8uek.x86_64 GNU/Linux

下载pg源码程序:PostgreSQL 16源码下载
linux配置

--关闭selinux
sed -i "s/SELINUX=enforcing/SELINUX=disabled/" /etc/selinux/config
setenforce 0

--安装相应的包
yum -y install readline readline-devel zlib zlib-devel gettext \
 gettext-devel openssl openssl-devel pam pam-devel libxml2 \
libxml2-devel libxslt libxslt-devel perl perl-devel tcl-devel \
libuuid-devel gcc gcc-c++ make flex bison perl-ExtUtils*  libicu  libicu-devel

--修改内核参数
cat>>/etc/sysctl.conf<<EOF
fs.file-max = 76724200
kernel.sem = 10000 10240000 10000 1024
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmall = 253702
kernel.shmmax = 1039163392
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
net.core.rmem_default = 262144
net.core.wmem_default = 262144
net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
net.core.wmem_max = 1048576
fs.aio-max-nr = 40960000
vm.dirty_ratio=20
vm.dirty_background_ratio=3
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs=100
vm.dirty_expire_centisecs=500
vm.swappiness=10
vm.min_free_kbytes=524288
vm.swappiness=0
vm.overcommit_memory=2
vm.overcommit_ratio=75
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10000 65535
EOF
sysctl -p

--创建组和用户
groupadd postgres -g 3000
useradd postgres -g 3000 -u 3000

--用户 limits 配置
cat>>/etc/security/limits.conf<<EOF
postgres soft nofile 1048576
postgres hard nofile 1048576
postgres soft nproc 131072
postgres hard nproc 131072
postgres soft stack 10240
postgres hard stack 32768
postgres soft core 6291456
postgres hard core 6291456
EOF

--创建相关目录和权限
mkdir -p /pg/database/server
mkdir -p /pg/database/data
mkdir -p /pg/database/wal
mkdir -p /pg/database/archive
chown -R postgres:postgres /pg -R
chmod 0775 /pg
chmod 0700 /pg/database/data

--设置环境变量
vi /home/postgres/.bash_profile
export PGPORT=5432
export PGUSER=postgres
export PGHOME=/pg/database/server
export PGDATA=/pg/database/data
export PATH=$PGHOME/bin:$PATH

--编译pg软件
su - postgres
tar xzvf postgresql-16.2.tar.gz
cd /tmp/postgresql-16.2
./configure --prefix=/pg/database/server --with-pgport=5432
make
make install

--确认软件安装成功（检查编译日志和测试如下命令）
[postgres@xifenfei ~]$ postgres --version
postgres (PostgreSQL) 16.2

创建数据库

[postgres@xifenfei ~]$  /pg/database/server/bin/initdb -D/pg/database/data\
 -X/pg/database/wal -EUTF8 -Upostgres -W
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.UTF-8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

Enter new superuser password: 
Enter it again: 

fixing permissions on existing directory /pg/database/data ... ok
fixing permissions on existing directory /pg/database/wal ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... America/New_York
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... ok

initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
initdb: hint: You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A,
 or --auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.

Success. You can now start the database server using:

    /pg/database/server/bin/pg_ctl -D /pg/database/data -l logfile start

启动数据库

[postgres@xifenfei ~]$ /pg/database/server/bin/pg_ctl -D /pg/database/data -l logfile start
waiting for server to start.... done
server started
[postgres@xifenfei ~]$ psql
psql (16.2)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# \d pg_class
                     Table "pg_catalog.pg_class"
       Column        |     Type     | Collation | Nullable | Default 
---------------------+--------------+-----------+----------+---------
 oid                 | oid          |           | not null | 
 relname             | name         |           | not null | 
 relnamespace        | oid          |           | not null | 
 reltype             | oid          |           | not null | 
 reloftype           | oid          |           | not null | 
 relowner            | oid          |           | not null | 
 relam               | oid          |           | not null | 
 relfilenode         | oid          |           | not null | 
 reltablespace       | oid          |           | not null | 
 relpages            | integer      |           | not null | 
 reltuples           | real         |           | not null | 
 relallvisible       | integer      |           | not null | 
 reltoastrelid       | oid          |           | not null | 
 relhasindex         | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relisshared         | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relpersistence      | "char"       |           | not null | 
 relkind             | "char"       |           | not null | 
 relnatts            | smallint     |           | not null | 
 relchecks           | smallint     |           | not null | 
 relhasrules         | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relhastriggers      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relhassubclass      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relrowsecurity      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relforcerowsecurity | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relispopulated      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relreplident        | "char"       |           | not null | 
 relispartition      | boolean      |           | not null | 
 relrewrite          | oid          |           | not null | 
 relfrozenxid        | xid          |           | not null | 
 relminmxid          | xid          |           | not null | 
 relacl              | aclitem[]    |           |          | 
 reloptions          | text[]       | C         |          | 
 relpartbound        | pg_node_tree | C         |          | 
Indexes:
    "pg_class_oid_index" PRIMARY KEY, btree (oid)
    "pg_class_relname_nsp_index" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (relname, relnamespace)
    "pg_class_tblspc_relfilenode_index" btree (reltablespace, relfilenode)

配置开机自动启动

[root@xifenfei tmp]# cp /tmp/postgresql-16.2/contrib/start-scripts/linux /etc/init.d/PostgreSQL
[root@xifenfei tmp]# vi /etc/init.d/PostgreSQL 
--修改如下值
prefix=/pg/database/server
PGDATA="/pg/database/data"
[root@xifenfei tmp]# chkconfig --add PostgreSQL
[root@xifenfei tmp]# chkconfig --list

Note: This output shows SysV services only and does not include native
      systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by native
      systemd configuration.

      If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
      To see services enabled on particular target use
      'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.

PostgreSQL      0:off   1:off   2:on    3:on    4:on    5:on    6:off

转载:pmars blog中关于pg字符串相关函数

函数：string || string
说明：String concatenation 字符串连接操作
例子：select 'Post' || 'greSQL';　＝　PostgreSQL
函数：string || non-string or non-string || string
说明：String concatenation with one non-string input 字符串与非字符串类型进行连接操作
例子：select 'Value: ' || 42; = Value: 42
函数：bit_length(string)
说明：Number of bits in string 计算字符串的位数
例子：select bit_length('pmars') = 40
函数：char_length(string) or character_length(string)
说明：Number of characters in string 计算字符串中字符个数
例子：select char_length('pmars'); = 5
函数：lower(string)
说明：Convert string to lower case 转换字符串为小写
例子：select lower('PmArS'); = "pmars"
函数：octet_length(string)
说明：Number of bytes in string 计算字符串的字节数
例子：select octet_length('我是pmars'); = 11  select octet_length('我');  = 3
函数：overlay(string placing string from int [for int])
说明：Replace substring 替换字符串中任意长度的子字串为新字符串
例子：select overlay('I am pmars' placing 'ming' from 6 for 5); = "I am ming"
函数：position(substring in string)
说明：Location of specified substring 子串在一字符串中的位置
例子：select position('ma' in 'pmars'); = 2
函数：substring(string [from int] [for int])
说明：Extract substring 截取任意长度的子字符串
例子：select substring('topmars' from 3 for 3); = "pma"
函数：substring(string from pattern)
说明：Extract substring matching POSIX regular expression.
 See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching.
  利用正则表达式对一字符串进行任意长度的字串的截取
例子：select substring('topmars' from 'p.*$'); = "pmars"
函数：substring(string from pattern for escape)
说明：Extract substring matching SQL regular expression. See Section 9.7 for more information on pattern matching.
      利于正则表达式对某类字符进行删除，以得到子字符串
例子：select substring('Thomas' from '%#"o_a#"_' for '#'); = "oma"
函数：trim([leading | trailing | both] [characters] from string)
说明：Remove the longest string containing only the characters
     (a space by default) from the start/end/both ends of the string
     去除尽可能长开始，结束或者两边的某类字符，默认为去除空白字符，当然可以自己指定，可同时指定多个要删除的字符串
例子：select trim(leading 'p' from 'pmars'); = "mars"
函数：upper(string)
说明：Convert string to uppercase 将字符串转换为大写
例子：select upper('pmars'); = "PMARS"
函数：ascii(string)
说明：ASCII code of the first character of the argument. For UTF8 returns
 the Unicode code point of the character. For other multibyte encodings.
 the argument must be a strictly ASCII character. 得到某一个字符的Assii值
例子：select ascii('pmars'); = select ascii('p'); = 112
函数：btrim(string text [, characters text])
说明：Remove the longest string consisting only of characters in characters
     (a space by default) from the start and end of string
     去除字符串两边的所有指定的字符，可同时指定多个字符
例子：select btrim('pmars','prs'); = "ma"
函数：chr(int)
说明：Character with the given code. For UTF8 the argument is treated as a Unicode code point.
 For other multibyte encodings the argument must designate a strictly ASCII character.
 The NULL (0) character is not allowed because text data types cannot store such bytes.
  得到某ACSII值对应的字符
例子：select chr(65); = A
函数：convert(string bytea, src_encoding name, dest_encoding name)
说明：Convert string to dest_encoding. The original encoding is specified by src_encoding.
   The string must be valid in this encoding.
  Conversions can be defined by CREATE CONVERSION. Also there are some predefined conversions.
  See Table 9-7 for available conversions. 转换字符串编码，指定源编码与目标编码
例子：select convert('我是pmars_in_utf8', 'UTF8', 'GBK'); = "\316\322\312\307pmars_in_utf8"
函数：convert_from(string bytea, src_encoding name)
说明：Convert string to the database encoding. The original encoding is specified by src_encoding.
  The string must be valid in this encoding. 转换字符串编码，自己要指定源编码,目标编码默认为数据库指定编码，
例子：select convert_from('\316\322\312\307pmars','GBK'); = "我是pmars"
函数：convert_to(string text, dest_encoding name)
说明：Convert string to dest_encoding.转换字符串编码，源编码默认为数据库指定编码，自己要指定目标编码,
例子：select convert_to('我是pmars_in_utf8','GBK'); = "\316\322\312\307pmars_in_utf8"
函数：decode(string text, type text)
说明：Decode binary data from string previously encoded with encode. Parameter type is same as in encode.
     对字符串按指定的类型进行解码
例子：select decode('MTIzAAE=', 'base64'); = "123\000\001"
函数：encode(data bytea, type text)
说明：Encode binary data to different representation. Supported types are: base64, hex, escape.
   Escape merely outputs null bytes as \000 and doubles backslashes. 与decode相反，对字符串按指定类型进行编码
例子：select encode('123\000\001','base64'); = "MTIzAAE="
函数：initcap(string)
说明：Convert the first letter of each word to uppercase and the rest to lowercase.
 Words are sequences of alphanumeric characters separated by non-alphanumeric characters.
  将字符串所有的单词进行格式化，首字母大写，其它为小写
例子：select initcap('I AM PMARs'); = "I Am Pmars"
函数：length(string)
说明：Number of characters in string 讲算字符串长度
例子：select length('我是pmars'); = 7
函数：length(stringbytea, encoding name )
说明：Number of characters in string in the given encoding.
   The string must be valid in this encoding. 计算字符串长度，指定字符串使用的编码
例子：select length('我是pmars','GBK'); = 8
函数：lpad(string text, length int [, fill text])
说明：Fill up the string to length length by prepending the characters fill (a space by default).
If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated (on the right).
 对字符串左边进行某类字符自动填充，即不足某一长度，则在左边自动补上指定的字符串，直至达到指定长度，可同时指定多个自动填充的字符
例子：select lpad('pmars', 10, 'to'); = "tototpmars"
函数：ltrim(string text [, characters text])
说明：Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters (a space by default) from the start of string
删除字符串左边某一些的字符，可以时指定多个要删除的字符
例子：select ltrim('pmars','amp'); = "rs"
函数：md5(string)
说明：Calculates the MD5 hash of string, returning the result in hexadecimal 将字符串进行md5编码
例子：select md5('pmars'); = "1018ceb949f1472f7252f7da1f5eff42"
函数：pg_client_encoding()
说明：Current client encoding name 得到pg客户端编码
例子：select pg_client_encoding(); = "UTF8"
函数：quote_ident(string text)
说明：Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as an identifier in an SQL statement string.
Quotes are added only if necessary (i.e., if the string contains non-identifier characters or would be case-folded).
Embedded quotes are properly doubled. 对某一字符串加上两引号
例子：quote_ident('Foo bar') = "Foo bar"
函数：quote_literal(string text)
说明：Return the given string suitably quoted to be used as a string literal in an SQL statement string.
Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
对字符串里两边加上单引号，如果字符串里面出现sql编码的单个单引号，则会被表达成两个单引号
例子：quote_literal('O\'Reilly') = 'O''Reilly'
函数：quote_literal(value anyelement)
说明：Coerce the given value to text and then quote it as a literal.
     Embedded single-quotes and backslashes are properly doubled.
    将一数值转换为字符串，并为其两边加上单引号，如果数值中间出现了单引号，也会被表示成两个单引号
例子：quote_literal(42.5) = '42.5'
函数：regexp_matches(string text, pattern text [, flags text])
说明：Return all captured substrings resulting from matching a POSIX regular expression against the string.
See Section 9.7.3 for more information. 对字符串按正则表达式进行匹配，如果存在则会在结果数组中表示出来
例子：regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', '(bar)(beque)') = {bar,beque}
函数：regexp_replace(string text, pattern text, replacement text [, flags text])
说明：Replace substring(s) matching a POSIX regular expression. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.
    利用正则表达式对字符串进行替换
例子：regexp_replace('Thomas', '.[mN]a.', 'M') = ThM
函数：regexp_split_to_array(string text, pattern text [, flags text ])
说明：Split string using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.
     利用正则表达式将字符串分割成数组
例子：regexp_split_to_array('hello world', E'\\s+') = {hello,world}
函数：regexp_split_to_table(string text, pattern text [, flags text])
说明：Split string using a POSIX regular expression as the delimiter. See Section 9.7.3 for more information.
      利用正则表达式将字符串分割成表格
例子：regexp_split_to_table('hello world', E'\\s+') =
hello
world
(2 rows)
函数：repeat(string text, number int)
说明：Repeat string the specified number of times 重复字符串一指定次数
例子：repeat('Pg', 4) = PgPgPgPg
函数：replace(string text, from text, to text)
说明：Replace all occurrences in string of substring from with substring to 将字符的某一子串替换成另一子串
例子：('abcdefabcdef', 'cd', 'XX') = abXXefabXXef
函数：rpad(string text, length int [, fill text])
说明：Fill up the string to length length by appending the characters fill (a space by default).
If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated. 对字符串进行填充，填充内容为指定的字符串
例子：rpad('hi', 5, 'xy') = hixyx
函数：rtrim(string text [, characters text])
说明：Remove the longest string containing only characters from characters
(a space by default) from the end of string 去除字符串右边指定的字符
例子：rtrim('trimxxxx', 'x') = trim
函数：split_part(string text, delimiter text, field int)
说明：Split string on delimiter and return the given field (counting from one)
 对字符串按指定子串进行分割，并返回指定的数值位置的值
例子：split_part('abc~@~def~@~ghi', '~@~', 2) = def
函数：strpos(string, substring)
说明：Location of specified substring (same as position(substring in string),
but note the reversed argument order) 指定字符串在目标字符串的位置
例子：strpos('high', 'ig') = 2
函数：substr(string, from [, count])
说明：Extract substring (same as substring(string from from for count)) 截取子串
例子：substr('alphabet', 3, 2) = ph
函数：to_ascii(string text [, encoding text])
说明：Convert string to ASCII from another encoding
(only supports conversion from LATIN1, LATIN2, LATIN9, and WIN1250 encodings)
将字符串转换成ascii编码字符串
例子：to_ascii('Karel') = Karel
函数：to_hex(number int or bigint)
说明：Convert number to its equivalent hexadecimal representation 　对数值进行十六进制编码
例子：to_hex(2147483647) = 7fffffff
函数：translate(string text, from text, to text)
说明：Any character in string that matches a
     character in the from set is replaced by the corresponding character in the to set
     将字符串中某些匹配的字符替换成指定字符串，目标字符与源字符都可以同时指定多个
例子：translate('12345', '14', 'ax') = a23x5

转载：https://www.cnblogs.com/pmars/archive/2013/02/17/2914046.html

pg远程登录拒绝

C:\Users\Administrator>psql -h 192.168.222.2 -U u_xifenfei -d db_xifenfei
psql: FATAL:  no pg_hba.conf entry for host "192.168.222.1", user "u_xifenfei", database "db_xifenfei", SSL off

解决方法

vi $PGDATA/pg_hba.conf
--加上
host   all             all           192.168.222.0/24          md5
--重启pg服务
-bash-4.2$ pg_ctl stop
waiting for server to shut down.... done
server stopped
-bash-4.2$ pg_ctl start
waiting for server to start....2018-08-05 23:46:08.237 EDT [44173] LOG:  listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432
2018-08-05 23:46:08.237 EDT [44173] LOG:  listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432
2018-08-05 23:46:08.239 EDT [44173] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2018-08-05 23:46:08.250 EDT [44173] LOG:  redirecting log output to logging collector process
2018-08-05 23:46:08.250 EDT [44173] HINT:  Future log output will appear in directory "log".
 done
server started

测试远程访问

C:\Users\Administrator>psql -h 192.168.222.2 -U u_xifenfei -d db_xifenfei
用户 u_xifenfei 的口令：
psql (10.4)
输入 "help" 来获取帮助信息.
db_xifenfei=# select version();
                                                 version
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 PostgreSQL 10.4 on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (GCC) 4.4.7 20120313 (Red Hat 4.4.7-18), 64-bit
(1 行记录)